Great news that the Google Geo Teachers Institute will be coming to England and Ireland this summer. The two day professional development events are free and are designed to help teachers get the most out of Google’s suite of Geo tools including Google Earth, Google Maps and SketchUp.
Dates for the events are June 13-14 in Dublin and June 20-21 in London. Both events will be held at the Google offices in those cities.
Hodder invited Jamie to write a short series of blog posts on Oceans learning; here is the third and final instalment.
In his third and last blog post on the oceans, Jamie Buchanan-Dunlop, looks at the topic of sea ice, the possibility of an ice-free Arctic, and what this means for habitats, the climate, commerce and geopolitics.
As a child, I held the idea that the North Pole sat in the middle of a permanent whiteness. I don’t remember whether I thought it was frozen ocean or solid land. For me, the world had an ever-present white cap. This is changing.
Current estimates are that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer by 2036. After centuries of trying to navigate the fabled North West Passage, this geographical shortcut connecting Europe and Asia may become a forgotten obsession. Instead ships will ply their trade across the entirety of the Arctic Ocean, rather than hugging the edges of land.
2007 marked the lowest extent of Arctic sea ice on record and the years since have shown little evidence of bucking the trend. This change has ramifications not just for international trade but also in terms of climate, habitat loss, natural resource exploitation and geopolitics, as well as the livelihood and culture of indigenous peoples who have long made the Arctic their home.
A loss of sea ice will create a positive feedback loop in the climate system. The white ice of the Polar Regions reflects solar warmth better than the dark waters of the seas. This solar reflection is known as the albedo effect. The phenomenon can be replicated in the classroom by placing a piece of black card and a piece of white card in direct sunlight or under a lamp. Attach a thermometer to the back of each piece of card and observe the changes in temperature for each over time.
The sea ice also provides important habitats to Arctic animals and plants, all the way from the microscopic life that inhabits the brine channels, to larger animals such as polar bears and ringed seals. The plight of the polar bear is well-documented and can provide an emotive ‘way in’ for some pupils. The WWF have produced some good background and resources on this topic.
Reduced sea ice not only represents opportunities for shipping, which could provide a lower carbon transport infrastructure between Europe and Asia, but also opens up new areas for natural resource exploration. The Guardian has produced an interactive map of current endeavours and Shell has developed a website describing its attitudes and plans for the region. One current issue is whether the chemicals used to mitigate environmental damage from oil spills will work in such cold temperatures.
In terms of geopolitics, the Russian claims to the North Pole are well-documented. Many countries bordering the Arctic are surveying the continental shelves, used as a marker for delineating territorial waters. There was also evidence of increased military build-up in Resolute Bay in the Canadian Arctic, when I passed through last year and the Danish Army patrols in Greenland were featured in episode 6 of the excellent Frozen Planet series.
This move to bring the Arctic hinterland of Canada and Russia under further control and to increase commercial activity in the region has had a negative impact on the indigenous peoples living there. Survival International write:
Many of the Innu are still fighting to retain much of their traditional lifestyle, increasingly difficult as the government hands out their land in mining concessions, floods the heart of their territory for hydro power schemes, and builds roads which cut up the remainder. In April 1999, the UN Human Rights Committee described the situation of tribal peoples as ‘the most pressing issue facing Canadians’, and condemned Canada for ‘extinguishing’ aboriginal peoples’ rights.
Hodder invited Jamie to write a short series of blog posts on Oceans learning; this is the second.
In his second blog post on the oceans, Jamie Buchanan-Dunlop, looks at the topic of ocean acidification and how it can be investigated in the geography classroom.
Ocean acidification is known as the ‘other carbon problem’. It is the process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is absorbed into the oceans and through chemical processes increases ocean acidity. The graph below shows data from the Pacific Ocean showing this relationship clearly.
Graph showing relationship between atmospheric CO2, ocean CO2 and ocean acidity
That the ocean acts as a carbon sink may seem like a ‘good thing’. There is fifty times as much carbon in the oceans than in the atmosphere. However, the rapid increase in atmospheric CO2 since the Industrial Revolution has started to have significant impacts on ocean chemistry. The average ocean pH has dropped from pH 8.2 to pH 8.1 over the past 250 years. This may seem like a small amount, but represents a 30% increase in ocean acidity. Current models indicate that the average ocean pH will drop to pH 7.8 by the end of this century.
In teaching ocean acidification in the geography classroom, there are a number of steps. The first is to provide an overview of the issue, as the topic may be unfamiliar to many students. Good introductory videos have been made by the National Resource Defence Council, The Acid Test:
and another by Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Ocean acidification: Connecting science, industry, policy and public
It’s also a good idea to cover some of the basic concepts and processes behind ocean acidification. A simple classroom experiment can be downloaded from [de] Oceans or you could simply add a pH indicator to still and sparkling water and see the difference.
You may have to talk to the science department to borrow some pH indicator and may even get some brownie points for your cross-curricular endeavours.
Then either look at doing a data case study (see the GCSE Geography booklet). The data case study contains excel spreadsheet as well as offline versions of over 20 years of ocean acidification data from the Pacific.
For Key Stage 3 you could look at possible impacts on the marine food web. Details of an Arctic food web lesson can be found in the Key Stage 3 Geography booklet, including the classic experiment of putting shells in vinegar.
The Arctic acts as a bellwether for acid levels in our seas and their impact on the marine ecosystem. Acidification is thought to happen here faster than anywhere else.
Catlin Arctic Survey scientist, Dr Ceri Lewis from the University of Exeter explains: ‘Within only a few decades, an increase in ocean acidity may cause seawater to become corrosive to the carbonate shells of the smaller marine creatures that are so abundant in our marine ecosystems, with potentially serious consequences for both them and the larger marine fish and mammals that rely on them for food.’
Ocean acidification provides a great topic for the geography classroom, and shows a clear link between an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and widespread environmental change.
Hodder invited Jamie to write a short series of blog posts on Oceans learning; here’s the first.
In the first of three blog posts on teaching more about the oceans in geography, Jamie Buchanan-Dunlop, tells us why the oceans are so important and gives readers some ideas about teaching about ocean currents when teaching climate.
When Digital Explorer launched an oceans education programme, sponsored by Catlin at the beginning of the 2011/12 academic year, we thought it would be a relatively simple process. The oceans cover 72% of the planet’s surface, provide 50% of the oxygen we breathe, regulate the climate and are the #1 source of protein for 1 billion people. The oceans are a pretty important topic and one that you would expect crops up throughout exam specifications and national curriculum documentation.
There is no explicit mention of the oceans as a standalone topic in any of the national curriculum documentation for Key Stages 3 and 4 and only one GCSE offers a unit on the oceans. I was shocked. Not only are the oceans crucial to our future, they are also in a parlous state. The oceans have become 30% more acidic since the Industrial Revolution and 90% of big fish stocks have gone.
At Digital Explorer, our education model is based around expeditions, and we kicked off our oceans programme with the Frozen Oceans resources based on three years of research in the Arctic Ocean, from the Catlin Arctic Surveys. Over the next three weeks, we will be sharing blog posts about how to teach three oceans topics in the geography classroom: ocean circulation and climate, ocean acidification and sea ice.
One of the research focuses of the 2011 Catlin Arctic Survey was the Thermohaline Circulation (THC). This is the system of ocean currents driven by the differentials in water density caused by temperature (thermo-) and salt (-haline). A well-known aspect of the THC is the Gulf Stream, a current that brings warm water from the Tropics to North West Europe. It is because of the Gulf Stream that when I left for the Arctic in March 2011, the temperature in London was about 10°C, compared to -15°C at a similar latitude at the bottom of Hudson Bay in Canada.
In general, when learning about climate, we learn about the importance of latitude. To simplify, it is cold at the poles and warm at the equator. But this cannot explain why there is a 25°C difference between places at the same latitude and altitude. This enquiry could form the basis for a single lesson on the role of ocean currents on climate or even a series of lessons. Using the weather layer in Google Earth or Google Maps, have a look at temperatures along the same line of latitude and see if there are any differences.
Another useful starter for teaching THC is the trailer for The Day After Tomorrow.
This Hollywood disaster film has as its central premise the shutdown of these ocean current systems, causing widespread climatic change. The timescale is highly improbable as is the scale of the impact, but as an exercise in counter-factual geography, it is quite fun! If the Gulf Stream were to shut down, there would be a cooling over a 50 year period, and potentially as much as 8°C in parts of North West Europe.
The Arctic Ocean plays a crucial role in the thermohaline circulation. It is in these waters that the cold, salty water sinks rapidly, causing a dragging motion that sustains the flow of surface water from the tropics northwards. The mechanics of this motion and the behaviour of different densities of water can be demonstrated using a simple classroom experiment. The physical properties of the Arctic Ocean are changing and further changes could disrupt the ocean currents (for more information download the Thermohaline Circulation Fact Sheet).
Hurray for the government: a new week, a new idea about education. Computing, ICT, digital literacy, call it what you will, is the flavour of the week and Michael Gove is due to make a speech on the subject on Wednesday. I am guessing that the three main themes of this will be that: one there needs to be more rigour in the teaching of computer skills; two that this is vital for the UK’s future economic competitiveness; and three that all schools should teach this irrespective of how ‘free’ from Local Authority control they are.
It’s not that I am necessarily against the teaching of computing in schools. Running an organisation called Digital Explorer, it would be pretty contrary if I were. However, statements such as Ed Vaizey’s comment that knowing how a computer works should be “on a par with a knowledge of the arts and humanities” don’t really help. (more…)
I am Elliott Murray, one of the chosen few who was given the incredible opportunity to visit Pakistan late last year. This year, I traveled over 3 months, across 3 countries in Asia, Thailand – Cambodia and India. I should point out that this is the first solo traveling project I have ever done, it would be very fair to say that the Pakistan expedition was a great starting point that gave me the confidence and thirst to explore more of the world.
In Thailand I spent one week volunteering at a self sustainable environmental community, consisting of 12 or so people from around the world. A lifestyle I had never been close to, and being fed on a daily diet of deep fried and oven baked dinners back home, was indeed a shock. Still, an interesting experience that taught me about how an alternative group of people live their life. We then did one week solo travel of Thailand. Pakistan taught me that their is no generalisation that can be made about a whole country, or community, that is always true, and that to learn about these things intimately, one must explore for oneself.
We then flew to Cambodia where we had arranged some time working at an orphanage for disadvantaged children in a small, remote village. We taught English, and knew that even our limited expertise of teaching was doing a great amount of good amongst this small community. Before Pakistan I was cynical in that I always believed if we where to ever make a social change for good, it must be achieved en masse. I then learned how small intimate projects change a selected group’s minds for tomorrow, who may indeed themselves take it upon themselves to re-teach what has been taught, to 20 more, and hence the cycle continues.
Finally I arrived in India, where I traveled independently. What I loved most was exploring other people’s cultures – drinking tea (or chi) with the locals, speaking with them and telling them of all the places I’ve seen in their country, and just understanding what their culture consists of. Whilst traveling I did see many tourists who would keep to themselves, and not be as talkative with the locals, and stay rather in their own bubble (taking private taxi’s opposed to local buses, staying in hotels with a price that could only be for foreigners etc etc..) which is fine, and maybe I would too have been comfortable traveling that way a few years ago, but since Pakistan I yearn to explore countries intimately, and find out what it’s real side is like.
Visiting Pakistan taught me to realise a country is always more than a 10 word headline, and that before passing judgment with a personal opinion, you must embrace it personally. It was without a doubt a huge part of my life, that has shaped the way I look at our world.
The debate around climate change in the science curriculum rages on in the press with a letter published in yesterday’s Guardian and signed by a number of educationalists.
My immediate and emotive response to this is that the government has this wrong and must immediately change their policy and include climate change within the science curriculum. (more…)
Attended the RSA’s Education for Uncertain Futures event last night. Some good speakers, but left me thinking whether the debate was focused too much on how education is delivered and not enough on what education should provide for young people facing an ‘uncertain future’.
What would I want from an education if I were to start again and does our education system deliver this?
- enough skills so I know that I can compete in a tough job market (or at least a good start in this regard)
- personal growth both as an individual and as part of a team or community
- the knowledge and skills to be able to keep myself healthy
- the opportunity to learn and develop my actions so that they are in tune with a more sustainable world
- develop a close group of friends, whom I can rely upon
- learn to value myself
- develop my creative outlets
What would you want from life and education to face our future, uncertain or otherwise?
Very excited to be a part of the New Leaders in Sustainability expeditions this year. The expeditions aim to inspire primary school pupils to engage in sustainability and what it means for them on a personal, team and global basis.
You can follow their progress on their expedition website. Digital Explorer is working with the teams to see how we can develop their ability to communicate their experiences and become role models for the wider school community.
When I run a project, I never really know what’s going to happen. Like a lot of people I imagine, I promise a whole load of things to funders without really knowing what the outcomes of the project or expedition will be.
With the final episode of the Pakistan episode launched last week, it’s time to celebrate the achievements of the young people as they start on their journeys and to thank all the funders, supporters and collaborators who made this possible.
Special thanks to the financial backers of the project, who put their faith in us to deliver something. I hope that they have watched the video below and are proud of what they have allowed to happen.
Now the long journey to find the funding for the next one…
Attended the
Recent Comments